Recent Advances in Natural Sciences
type: channel
description: Recent Advances in Natural Sciences (RANS) is an open access journal, publishing original research from across all areas of Natural Sciences. It is published biannually (June and December). Production and Hosting is by FLAYOO Publishing House LTD on behalf of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences (NSPS). Peer review under responsibility of NSPS. With the idea that making research openly available to the public promotes better global knowledge exchange, this journal offers direct open access to its contents, i.e., all the articles published in this journal are free to access immediately from the date of publication. RANS is available in print and online. The language used in this journal is English. ISSN(Print): 1596-0544 ISSN (Online): 1596-0757
publisher: FLAYOO PHL
language: en
publication name: Recent Advances in Natural Sciences
issn: 1596-0544
items: https://rans.nsps.org.ng/index.php/rans/article/view/234
items: Bernoulli-exponential survival model for estimating proportions in randomised controlled trials with dropouts
items: Fabrication and characterization of dye-sensitized solar cells using Allium cepa flower extract as a means of harnessing the solar energy
items: Spectroscopic characterization of a derivative of naphthalene isolated from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx
items: Environmental and health impacts of coal occurrence and exploitation in Akunza mighili, North central Nigeria
items: Green synthesis of Cu, Fe, and Cu/Fe nanomaterials using Khaya senegalensis and investigation of their photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol and antibacterial properties
items: Time series modelling of inflation and consumer price index trends in Nigeria
items: Temporal investigation of effects of wildfires and aerosols on air pollution changes in Nigeria: a multivariate modelling approach
items: Diurnal solar energy and temperature changes over Nigeria using satellite data
items: A methodological framework for evaluating ADASYN and borderline-SMOTE oversampling techniques in imbalanced epidemiological data: a proof-of-concept study for lassa fever detection
items: Integrative approaches of multivariate convolutional neural networks with a dynamic conditional correlation model for forecasting stock market volatility
items: Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and nutritional components of Five locally consumed fruits in Eastern Nigeria
items: Baobab shell powder as a bio-filler in HDPE composites: mechanical, and physical properties
items: https://rans.nsps.org.ng/index.php/rans/article/view/227
items: Depth estimation of the residualfield of Patigi Area, Nigeria , using source parameter imaging and spectral depth analysis
items: Implicit one-step optimized fourth-derivative hybrid block method for directly solving general third-order IVPs
items: Numerical method for simulation of quadratic Riccati differential equations
items: Pesticide handling practices and residue levels in yam and cassava across Nasarawa South, Nigeria
items: Simulation of optical fiber power amplification via higher-order soliton generation using the extended nonlinear Schrödinger equation
items: Impacts of high-dose gamma irradiation on the mechanical, structural and thermal properties of doum fiber reinforced High-Density Polyethylene (HDPe)
items: One-pot synthesis and antimicrobial efficacy of polymeric schiff base metal complexes derived from o-phenylenediamine and terephthalaldehyde
items: The impact of early detection and intervention on congenital heart defects in infants and children: a systematic review
items: Zero-inflated and hurdle models with an application to the number of involved axillary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer in Zimbabwe: A bootstrap resampling validation approach
items: A novel one-step optimized hybrid block method for solving general second-order ordinary differential equations
items: Litho-structural study and depth estimation of Shaki area of Southwestern, Nigeria using high resolution aeromagnetic data
items: Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: A trifecta of antioxidant, antifungal, and catalytic excellence
items: Examination of the potential for geothermal energy in parts of the Benue trough, Nigeria, through the use of high-resolution aeromagnetic data
items: Reduced graphene oxide as the electron transport layer in perovskite solar cell: effect on the photovoltaic performance
items: Wastewater treatment, greenhouse gas emissions, and our environment
items: Fermented Moringa oleifera seed-cassava inclusion improves protein and selected biochemical indices in alloxan-induced diabetes in animal model

https://rans.nsps.org.ng/index.php/rans/article/view/234
type: item
title: Spatial and temporal estimation of groundwater recharge in Kabago watershed using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) hydrological model: implications for sustainable water resource management in Northwestern Nigeria
description: Assessing groundwater recharge is essential for managing water resources sustainably, especially in semi-arid regions. In order to assess groundwater reserves for residential and agricultural use, this study examines the spatial and temporal distribution of recharge in the Kabago watershed in Southern Zamfara State, Nigeria. The watershed, which is roughly 5.97 km² in size and is composed of migmatite, gneiss, schist, and granitic rocks, has a Sudan savannah climate with high evapotranspiration and little annual rainfall (1164 mm). Hydrological processes during a 21-year period (1990–2010) were simulated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT 2012) linked with ArcGIS. SUFI-2 in SWAT-CUP was used for calibration and validation utilizing streamflow data from the Maru gauging station. With NSE values of 0.85 and 0.75, R2 values of 0.85 and 0.75, PBIAS of 2.5% and –1.3%, and RSR values of 0.43 and 0.52 for calibration and validation, respectively, the model performed satisfactorily. Soil water capacity, groundwater delay, baseflow coefficient, and surface runoff factors were among the sensitive characteristics. The results indicated that model-derived potential recharge values, which represent roughly 49% of annual precipitation, ranged from 379.93 to 678.88 mm/year with an average of 545.69 mm/year. Runoff and evapotranspiration were responsible for 15.35% (178.65 mm/year) and 33.24% (386.93 mm/year) of the water loss, respectively. Recharge variability was largely influenced by rainfall distribution, soil type, slope, and land use, with agricultural land promoting infiltration. Overall, the Kabago watershed functions as a significant recharge zone, though high evapotranspiration highlights vulnerability to land use and climate change. These findings provide a sound basis for groundwater management and policy in Zamfara and comparable semi-arid regions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: SWAT Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Groundwater recharge
  topic: keywords
subject: Water budget
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydrologic response unit
  topic: keywords
subject: Kabago watershed
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Shuaibu
creator: Kizito O Musa
creator: Kehinde Ayofe Murana
creator: Mutari Lawal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 A. M. Shuaibu, K. O. Musa, K. A. Murana, Mutari Lawal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-21
publication date: 2026-03-21
starting page: 234
ending page: 234
doi: 10.61298/rans.2026.4.1.234

Bernoulli-exponential survival model for estimating proportions in randomised controlled trials with dropouts
type: item
description: Randomised controlled trials often experience dropouts, especially in multi-stage designs where participants must meet induction-phase eligibility requirements before progressing to the main study. Loss of information arising from early non-responders or withdrawal of clinically vulnerable subjects are not always random. Classical survival analysis methods including the Kaplan-Meier estimator, exponential models, and similar techniques assume independent censoring. When this assumption is violated, survival probabilities are overstated, hazard rates are underestimated, and median survival time become biased. Such dropout mechanisms also lead to biased estimates of the proportion of participants who would experience the clinical endpoint, thereby distorting treatment effect measures based on event counts. This study proposed a Bernoulli-Exponential (BE) model that jointly represents the occurrence of an event and the time to event, rather than treating censored subjects as if they share the same risk structure as event completers. The model incorporates a Bernoulli component to describe the probability of belonging to the event-generating subgroup and an exponential component to model event times conditional on experiencing the event. This separation enables the model to account for informative dropouts, induction-phase failures, and scenarios where some participants contribute no event time. We derive the parameter estimates, survival function, and outline procedures for estimating the median survival time, its variance, and confidence interval. Simulation studies were used to assess bias and precision under varying levels of dropout. The BE estimator consistently corrected the upward bias observed in Kaplan-Meier, intention-to-treat, and completers-only estimates under heavy or informative dropout.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bernoulli distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: Exponential distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinical trials
  topic: keywords
subject: Survival models
  topic: keywords
subject: Censoring
  topic: keywords
creator: Ekele Alih
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ekele Alih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-12
publication date: 2026-03-12
starting page: 241
ending page: 241
doi: 10.61298/rans.2026.4.1.241

Fabrication and characterization of dye-sensitized solar cells using Allium cepa flower extract as a means of harnessing the solar energy
type: item
description: Climate change and global warming have spurred a growing urgency to transition from traditional energy sources to sustainable alternatives. This article explores the realm of renewable energy, focusing on the potential of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as an eco-friendly solution. The study examines the efficiency of a DSSC utilizing a dye extract from Allium Cepa (onion) flowers, shedding light on the material's viability as a photosensitizer. The article covers the physics of solar cells, the operation principle of DSSCs, and the specific components involved in fabricating a DSSC based on Allium Cepa extract. The findings show that the extract obtained from Allium Cepa flower exhibited maximum absorbance of 1.4793 at a wavelength of 437.74 nm in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. And when adsorbed on the TiO2 semiconductor surface, the absorbance of the sample increased to the value of 1.5189 at a wavelength of 423.89 nm in the visible region. The energy bandgap of 4.21 eV was obtained for Allium Cepa extract. The fill factor of 0.61 was obtained, and a light conversion efficiency of 0.43 % was achieved. With these results, the dye extract obtained from dry Allium Cepa flowers is a good photosensitizer for making dye-sensitized solar cells.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Allium cepa
  topic: keywords
subject: Organic solar cell
  topic: keywords
subject: DSSC efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Fill factor
  topic: keywords
subject: Current voltage simulation
  topic: keywords
creator: SAMUEL OMOYIBO
creator: Blessing OSOLOBRI
creator: Lawrence ANHO
creator: Ufuoma ODENEMA
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Samuel Emuvokeraye Omoyibo, Blessing Uyoyou Osolebri, Lawrence Oghenerivwe Anho, Ufuoma Alexander Odenema https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 211
ending page: 211
doi: 10.61298/rans.2026.4.1.211

Spectroscopic characterization of a derivative of naphthalene isolated from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx
type: item
description: Hibiscus sabdariffa (Hs) is a nutritive and medicinal herb that belongs to the Malvaceae family. It is mainly composed of organic acids, anthocyanins, polysaccharides and flavonoids. Hibiscus sabdariffa, being a natural source of bioactive compounds made up of several reactive functional groups, could serve the purpose of a starting material in the production of other compounds. Acidified aqueous ethanol extract of Hs was subjected to column chromatographic fractionation that yielded a yellow liquid isolate, which was characterized by UV–Visible, Infrared spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). The NMR spectra displayed distinct signals of a naphthalene ring linked through a carbonyl carbon to a napht 2 –yl moiety. 1H and 13C NMR indicated the presence of five aromatic protons (dH 6.98 – 7.51) resonating with ten aromatic carbon atoms (dc100.0 – 177.9), (C 189.2, indicating the presence of a carbonyl carbon coupled with a hydrogenated naphthalene ring substituent. Absorptions at 304nm, 366 nm and 506nm are due to pi- pi∗ and n - pi∗ , respectively. IR peak at 2923 cm-1 is ascribed to C − H stretch, while the peak at 1732(s) cm-1, with shoulders at 1634(w) and 1794(w), affirmed the presence of carbonyl functional group conjugated to an unsaturated naphtalen-2yl ring system. The isolated naphthalene derivative is characterized as ‘3 methyl-1, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8a, octahydronaphtalen-2-yl)(naphtalen-2yl)methanone.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hibiscus sabdariffa
  topic: keywords
subject: Naphthalene derivative
  topic: keywords
subject: chromatographic separation
  topic: keywords
subject: 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy
  topic: keywords
creator: Adewumi Adeagbo
creator: Abeeb Azeez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Adewumi Idowu Adeagbo, Adekunle Abeeb Azeez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 232
ending page: 232
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.2.232

Environmental and health impacts of coal occurrence and exploitation in Akunza mighili, North central Nigeria
type: item
description: Akunza Mighili is a community in the outskirts of Lafia widely known for extensive coal mining activities. However, no assessment has been conducted on the impact of this mining on the environment and health hazards. This research aims to investigate the environmental and health impacts of coal exploitation in Akunza Mighili. Five representative rock samples were collected during field mapping and analyzed to determine their elemental and mineralogical constituents using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Additionally, two coal samples were subjected to rock eval pyrolysis. A total of twenty groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Measurement of groundwater physical parameters was also conducted during the field mapping. Field results indicated that the area primarily consists of shale interbedded with coal seams, ferruginous sandstone, ferruginous siltstone, and minor occurrences of mudstone. Based on the XRD and XRF results, graphite is the dominant mineral in coal while SO3 and SiO2 represent the dominant major oxides. The coal samples in the area are immature for oil generation based on their maximum pyrolysis temperature (Tmax). In the groundwater of the area, the order of parameters is pH > Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) > Temperature (T) > Electrical Conductivity (EC), while the concentration of heavy metals follows this order: Fe > Zn > Cu > Co > Cd > Mn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Hg. The assessment of heavy metal pollution indicated that the groundwater in the area is significantly polluted, which poses serious health risks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Akunza mighili
  topic: keywords
subject: Coal
  topic: keywords
subject: Tmax
  topic: keywords
subject: Heavy metal pollution index
  topic: keywords
subject: X-ray fluorescence
  topic: keywords
creator: S. Iyakwari
creator: S. Aliyu
creator: F. O. Balogun
creator: I. Y. Anzaku
creator: N. Musa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 S. Iyakwari, S. Aliyu, F. O. Balogun, I. Y. Anzaku, N. Musa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 217
ending page: 217
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.2.217

Green synthesis of Cu, Fe, and Cu/Fe nanomaterials using Khaya senegalensis and investigation of their photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol and antibacterial properties
type: item
description: The persistent environmental and health threats posed by nitroaromatic pollutants particularly 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), and the rise of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens demand sustainable, efficient, and eco-friendly remediation strategies. To address these challenges, this study aimed to develop monometallic (CuO and Fe₂O₃) and bimetallic (CuO/Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles via a green, one-pot synthesis using Khaya senegalensis leaf extract, leveraging its rich phytochemical content (notably flavonoids and tannins) as natural reducing and capping agents. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, and HAADF STEM, confirming the formation of spherical, monodispersed particles (20–50 nm) with distinct surface plasmon resonance peaks at 224 nm (CuO), 290 nm (Fe₂O₃), and a redshifted peak at 295 nm (CuO/Fe₂O₃). The XRD analysis revealed the crystallite sizes of CuO, Fe2O3 and CuO/Fe₂O₃ NPs to be 26, 22 and 28 nm, respectively. Bimetallic CuO/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic efficiency, achieving complete reduction of 4-NP to 4-aminophenol in just 2 minutes, over 50% faster than monometallic counterparts. Furthermore, it exhibited potent antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 8 µg/mL against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, and 40 µg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, alongside minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of 16 µg/mL and 80 µg/mL, respectively. These results underscore the multifunctional potential of K. senegalensis-derived CuO/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposites as green, high-performance agents for simultaneous environmental detoxification and antimicrobial applications. We recommend their further development for scalable water treatment and as alternatives to conventional antibiotics, particularly against resilient Gram-negative pathogens.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Green synthesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Catalytic properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibacterial activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Bimetallic nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Khaya senegalensis
  topic: keywords
creator: Jennifer Kuv
creator: James Attah
creator: I Hassan
creator: Gerrad Uyi
creator: Augustine Terna
creator: Mohammed Binin
creator: Dr. Ayomide H. Labulo
creator: A. A. Idzi
creator: Maryam Isah
creator: S. M. Idris
creator: Mujidat Alabi
creator: Kehinde Ojedoja
creator: A. Y. Danas
creator: Festus Ogungbemiro
creator: Folashade Omotehinwa
creator: Jane Anebi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 J. I. Kuv, J. A. Attah, I Hassan, O. G. Uyi, A. D. Terna, M. E. Binin, A. H. Labulo, A. A. Idzi, M. Isah, S. M. Idris, M. A. Alabi, K. A. Ojedoja, A. Y. Danas, F. O. Ogungbemiro, F. H. Omotehinwa, J. O. Anebi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 236
ending page: 236
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.2.236

Time series modelling of inflation and consumer price index trends in Nigeria
type: item
description: Inflation is a long-term, steady rise in the average price of goods and services. Its volatility weakens purchasing power, distorts income distribution, discourages investment and savings, and threatens macroeconomic stability. This study examined the relationship between the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Financial Institutions’ Credit Deposit (FICD) ratio using regression, ARIMA, and GARCH models to forecast inflation. Data from the National Bureau of Statistics (2015-2024) and Central Bank of Nigeria were analyzed. Descriptive results showed high variability in inflation (mean = 1.29%, SD = 0.59, skewness = 1.05) and moderate variability in FICD (mean = 8.69, SD = 2.62, skewness = 0.36). Regression results indicated a negative but insignificant effect of FICD on inflation (β = −0.0177, p = 0.3977). The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test confirmed stationarity (p = 0.01). ARIMA(2,2,1) captured inflation persistence, while GARCH(2,3) identified mild volatility. Johansen cointegration tests revealed no long-run equilibrium among CPI, inflation, and FICD. Findings suggest that structural and cost-push factors drive inflation, requiring stronger monetary transmission and efficient credit allocation for price stability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Inflation
  topic: keywords
subject: ARIMA models
  topic: keywords
subject: GARCH models
  topic: keywords
subject: Cointegration
  topic: keywords
subject: Monetary policy transmission
  topic: keywords
creator: Benson Ade Eniola Afere
creator: Yahaya Baba Usman
creator: Ekele Alih
creator: Ekele Vincent Aguda
creator: Latifat Enesi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Benson Ade Eniola Afere, Yahaya Baba Usman, Ekele Alih, Ekele Vincent Aguda, Latifat Enesi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-26
publication date: 2025-12-26
starting page: 225
ending page: 225
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.2.225

Temporal investigation of effects of wildfires and aerosols on air pollution changes in Nigeria: a multivariate modelling approach
type: item
description: Understanding the factors that influence Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) is essential for addressing air pollution and effectively managing air quality. This study examines the impacts of dust aerosol (DU), sea salt (SS), black carbon (BC), and burned areas (BA) on AOD across different Köppen climate zones in Nigeria from 2001 to 2019. Results from a multivariate regression analysis revealed that DU consistently had a strong and significant impact on AOD across all zones (coefficients: between 0.00106 and 0.00779, p < 0.001), indicating the influence of dust from the Sahara Desert and the Bodélé Depression. BC and SS increased AOD in southern and coastal zones, although BC had a negative impact in Aw climate zones. The influence of BC was less consistent, indicating its varied sources, including gas flaring and urban emissions. BA showed mixed effects on AOD across different climate zones. In some zones, BA had a positive but often insignificant impact on AOD, while in others, it exhibited negligible or negative coefficients. This suggests that although biomass burning contributes to aerosol levels, its direct effect on AOD may be mitigated by factors such as precipitation and aerosol interactions during the burning season. SS generally had a significant positive relationship with AOD, especially in coastal and Csb zones. Peaks in SS levels in the mid-2000s and mid-2010s correlated with higher AOD, emphasizing the maritime influence on aerosol levels in these regions. However, the impact of SS on AOD was less pronounced in the BWh zone, reflecting regional differences in aerosol composition and sources. These findings demonstrate the major impact of dust aerosols and the complex contributions of other sources, offering insights for climate-sensitive air quality management in Nigeria.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: AOD
  topic: keywords
subject: Wildfires
  topic: keywords
subject: Multivariate Regression
  topic: keywords
subject: Black carbon
  topic: keywords
subject: Sea salt
  topic: keywords
creator: Tertsea Igbawua
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tertsea Igbawua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-26
publication date: 2025-12-26
starting page: 212
ending page: 212
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.2.212

Diurnal solar energy and temperature changes over Nigeria using satellite data
type: item
description: This study investigated the diurnal variability of global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and surface temperature across Nigeria’s major climatic zones. Daily all-sky surface shortwave downward irradiance and 2-m air temperature data spanning 2001–2023 were obtained from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2). The daily datasets were aggregated into monthly means and analyzed across four climatological seasons. Daily variability was quantified using standard deviation, while long-term trends were assessed using simple linear regression, with statistical significance evaluated at p < 0.05. The relationship between GHI and surface temperature was examined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results show that daily GHI variability was highest in the southern tropical monsoon and tropical rainforest zones, whereas daily temperature variability was greatest in the northern warm desert and warm semi-arid regions. Monthly analysis revealed that GHI peaked in April over northern zones but reached maximum values in February across other regions. Surface temperature was highest between March and May, but lowest in August for the tropical monsoon, tropical rainforest, and Mediterranean climates; January for the warm semi-arid and warm desert climates; and December for the tropical savanna climate. Correlation analysis indicated very weak to moderate relationships between GHI and surface temperature. Regression results revealed a very weak to weak positive relationship, with significant differences across all locations examined ($p < 0.0001$). Long-term trends showed a slight increase in GHI across all climatic zones, while surface temperature increased marginally in most regions except the northern warm semi-arid and warm desert zones.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Global horizontal irradiance
  topic: keywords
subject: Temperature
  topic: keywords
subject: Diurnal variability
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigeria’s climatic zones
  topic: keywords
creator: Louis Tersoo Abiem
creator: David Inalegwu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Louis Tersoo Abiem, David Inalegwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 218
ending page: 218
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.2.218

A methodological framework for evaluating ADASYN and borderline-SMOTE oversampling techniques in imbalanced epidemiological data: a proof-of-concept study for lassa fever detection
type: item
description: Class imbalance in epidemiological datasets poses a fundamental challenge to developing accurate predictive models, particularly for rare but critical outcomes. This proof-of-concept study presents a methodological framework for evaluating advanced oversampling techniques—Adaptive Synthetic (ADASYN) sampling and Borderline-SMOTE—in the context of imbalanced medical classification tasks. Using a controlled synthetic dataset that mimics the class distribution characteristics of Lassa Fever epidemiological data, we systematically compare these techniques’ effectiveness in preparing imbalanced datasets for machine learning. Our methodology emphasizes rigorous experimental design, including strict train-test separation before oversampling application, comprehensive ablation studies, and transparent statistical analysis. Individual machine learning models (Random Forest, XGBoost, LightGBM, and Neural Networks) and a weighted ensemble model were evaluated using appropriate metrics for imbalanced classification. This study employs synthetic data to establish a controlled experimental environment for algorithmic comparison. While results demonstrate the technical capabilities of ADASYN and Borderline-SMOTE under ideal conditions, these performance metrics should not be interpreted as clinically validated or representative of real-world performance. The primary contribution is a reusable methodological framework and comparative analysis of oversampling strategies, which requires validation on authentic clinical datasets before any deployment considerations. This work provides computational epidemiologists with evidence-based guidance for technique selection while clearly delineating the boundary between methodological demonstration and clinical applicability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Lassa fever
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Class imbalance
  topic: keywords
subject: Oversampling
  topic: keywords
subject: Synthetic data
  topic: keywords
creator: Osowomuabe Njama-Abang
creator: Denis U. Ashishie
creator: Paul T. Bukie
creator: Ahena I. Bassey
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Osowomuabe Njama-Abang, Denis U. Ashishie, Paul T. Bukie, Ahena I. Bassey https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-19
publication date: 2026-04-19
starting page: 238
ending page: 238
doi: 10.61298/rans.2026.4.1.238

Integrative approaches of multivariate convolutional neural networks with a dynamic conditional correlation model for forecasting stock market volatility
type: item
description: Machine learning and deep learning approaches have been extensively studied across various fields, significantly contributing to the successful resolution of numerous problems. Examples include image classification, computer vision applications, and natural language processing. Owing to their powerful capabilities, they have not only made significant contributions in the fields above but also increasingly been applied to time series analysis, particularly in analyzing financial time series to forecast the volatility and correlation among stock markets. Researchers have proposed hybrid models that combine machine learning and deep learning approaches with statistical and econometric models to enhance time series analysis and forecasting. In this work, the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) model, as an econometric model, and multivariate convolutional neural networks (MCNNs), as deep learning models, are employed to construct hybrid models to enhance the forecasts of dynamic volatility and correlation among stock markets. Two methods are presented for combining the DCC model with the convolutional neural network (CNN) model. The results show that the best way to combine the DCC model and the CNN model is to use the outputs of the CNN model as inputs to the DCC model. The hybrid DCC-MCNN model demonstrates stronger performance across both in-sample and out-of-sample accuracy measures, such as the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). Specifically, the hybrid DCC-MCNN model emerges as the top performer among the evaluated models, surpassing both the single model approaches and the hybrid MCNN-DCC model in forecasting time-varying volatility and correlation among stock markets.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Volatility models
  topic: keywords
subject: machine learning approaches
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial neural networks
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid models
  topic: keywords
subject: Time series analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Anas Mohammed
creator: Henry Mwmabi
creator: Bernard Omolo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anas Eisa Abdelkreem Mohammed, Henry Mwambi, Bernard Omolo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-05
publication date: 2025-10-05
starting page: 197
ending page: 197
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.2.197

Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and nutritional components of Five locally consumed fruits in Eastern Nigeria
type: item
description: The nutraceutical richness of locally cultivated fruits in Eastern Nigeria remains poorly documented, limiting guidance for dietary management of oxidative stress-related disorders. This study quantified the vitamin C content, total flavonoids, total antioxidants, and reducing properties of five commonly consumed fruits: cashew (Anacardium occidentale), star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum), pawpaw (Carica papaya), garden egg (Solanum melongena), and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Spectroscopic methods were employed to assay total antioxidants, flavonoids, and reducing properties using gallic acid, rutin, and trichloroacetic acid as standards, respectively, while vitamin C was determined by titrimetric analysis using 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol. Results (mean ± SD, mg/100 g) showed that pawpaw had the highest vitamin C (98.50 ± 0.01), total flavonoids (103.11 ± 0.01), total antioxidants (109.17 ± 0.04), and reducing properties (63.23 ± 0.07), followed by star apple, watermelon, garden egg, and cashew. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.87) was observed between total flavonoid content and reducing power, indicating that flavonoids significantly contribute to antioxidant activity. These findings provide evidence supporting increased consumption of pawpaw, star apple, and watermelon to mitigate oxidative stress, compensate for nutrient deficiencies, and promote public health in Eastern Nigeria.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nutraceutical
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxidative stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Total antioxidants
  topic: keywords
subject: Total flavonoids
  topic: keywords
creator: C. C. Ogbuanu
creator: O. C. Ike
creator: C. N. Eze
creator: C. C. Ugwoke
creator: E. Agboeze
creator: C. I. Diara
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 C. C. Ogbuanu, O. C. Ike, C. N. Eze, C. C. Ugwoke, E. Agboeze, C. I. Diara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
starting page: 233
ending page: 233
doi: 10.61298/rans.2026.4.1.233

Baobab shell powder as a bio-filler in HDPE composites: mechanical, and physical properties
type: item
description: This study develops and characterizes high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites reinforced with 0–20 wt% baobab shell powder (BSP) as a sustainable bio-filler. Composites were fabricated via compression molding and assessed for mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. XRF analysis revealed high metal oxide content in BSP—K2O (29.32%), MgO (16.27%), CaO (12.42%), Al2O3 (12.12%), and SiO2 (11.73%)—indicating multifunctional potential. FTIR confirmed lignocellulosic functional groups (O–H, C–H, C=O, C–O). Tensile strength peaked at 10.996 N/mm2 (20 wt%, +6.14% vs. neat HDPE); yield strength peaked at 26.35 N/mm2 (15 wt%), suggesting improved matrix interaction. Flexural strength dropped to 2.24 N/mm2 at 10 wt% but stabilized thereafter; elongation at break fell from 37.74% to 7.87%, indicating increased rigidity. Impact energy dropped from 4.0 J to 1.63 J, while hardness and density rose from 11.36 to 28.66 N/m2 and 0.87 to 0.93 g/cm3, respectively. Water absorption remained low until day 6, then rose sharply to ~20% (20 wt%) by day 8 due to interfacial degradation. Composites with ≤10 wt% BSP showed better moisture resistance. The results demonstrated that BSP enhances stiffness, hardness, and tensile strength but reduces ductility and impact resistance, making it suitable for non-structural applications in automotive, packaging, and sustainable construction.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Baobab shell powder (BSP)
  topic: keywords
subject: Lignocellulosic materials
  topic: keywords
subject: High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
  topic: keywords
subject: Bio-filler
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel S. Sudi
creator: Haruna Wante
creator: Ndubuisi Mbada
creator: Isah Baba
creator: Bamidele Boluwatife
creator: Solomon Adeleke
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Daniel S. Sudi, Haruna P. Wante, Ndubuisi Mbada, Isah Baba, Bamidele Boluwatife, Solomon Adeleke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-18
publication date: 2025-08-18
starting page: 213
ending page: 213
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.2.213

https://rans.nsps.org.ng/index.php/rans/article/view/227
type: item
title: Synthesis and characterization of biodiesel from black date (Canarium schweinfurtii) seed kernel oil in the presence of green-synthesized Cu-Mn/TiO2 nanocatalyst using central composite design approach
description: One of the key challenges in scaling up biodiesel production is attaining the maximum yield while ensuring compliance with established quality standards. In this work, the potential of black date seed kernel oil as a feedstock for biodiesel synthesis was investigated using a green-synthesized Cu-Mn/TiO₂ nanocatalyst through a transesterification process. The oil was characterized using standard analytical procedures, while the catalyst was analyzed through FTIR, XRD, BET, and SEM techniques. Process optimization was carried out using Central Composite Design (CCD), considering methanol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and reaction time as the key variables. The optimum biodiesel yield of 95.07% was achieved at a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12:1, catalyst loading of 2 wt%, reaction temperature of 65 °C, and reaction time of 75 minutes. The quadratic model developed from the experimental design was statistically significant (p < 0.0001), confirming its predictive reliability. The high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.9904), along with adjusted R² (0.9815) and predicted R² (0.9449) values obtained from ANOVA and fit statistics, demonstrated a strong agreement between the experimental and predicted outcomes. Among the studied variables, all exhibited significant effects on biodiesel yield except the methanol-to-oil molar ratio (p > 0.05). Physicochemical analysis of the oil confirmed its suitability as a feedstock for biodiesel production. These findings highlight black date seed kernel oil as a promising non-edible and sustainable raw material for biodiesel synthesis, particularly when optimized through statistical modeling and enhanced with an efficient nanocatalyst, contributing to the advancement of renewable and eco-friendly fuel alternatives.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Transesterification
  topic: keywords
subject: Black date
  topic: keywords
subject: Biodiesel
  topic: keywords
subject: Nano catalyst
  topic: keywords
subject: Central composite design
  topic: keywords
creator: Jibrin Mohammed
creator: M.O AREMU
creator: Abdullahi Usman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 J. Mohammed; M. O. Aremu; A. Usman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-06
publication date: 2026-04-06
starting page: 227
ending page: 227
doi: 10.61298/rans.2026.4.1.227

Depth estimation of the residualfield of Patigi Area, Nigeria , using source parameter imaging and spectral depth analysis
type: item
description: Aeromagnetic depth estimation was carried out over a one-half-degree sheet in the southwestern Bida Basin, Northcentral Nigeria. The area, bounded by latitudes 8◦30′–9◦0′ N and longitudes 5◦30′–6◦0′ E, is underlain by Campanian–Maastrichtian sandstones and basement rocks of granite-gneiss and migmatites. Potential field methods were applied to investigate subsurface sedimentary thickness. Regional–residual separation was achieved using polynomial fitting, and the residual field was analyzed using source parameter imaging (SPI) and power spectrum techniques for depth estimation around Pategi and environs. The residual map was subdivided into nine spectral sections to examine depth variations from magnetic sources. SPI results revealed depths ranging from 53.4m to 2766.5m, with a mean of 284.3m. Spectral analysis indicated shallow magnetic sources between 0.730km to 1.359km (average 1.100km) and deeper sources between 1.927km to 2.840km (average 2.333km). The maximum sedimentary thickness of 2.840km was found in the north-central area, including Pategi, Baradogi, Wando, and Edogi. These results indicate significant hydrocarbon potential. Integrated geological and geophysical studies are recommended to validate reservoir structures and assess viability for exploration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aeromagnetic interpretation
  topic: keywords
subject: Spectral depth
  topic: keywords
subject: Source parameter imaging
  topic: keywords
subject: Sedimentary thickness
  topic: keywords
subject: Bida Basin
  topic: keywords
creator: S. A. Salaudeen
creator: T. A. Adagunodo
creator: A. O. Busari
creator: K. O. Suleman
creator: L. A. Sunmonu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 S. A. Salaudeen, T. A. Adagunodo, A. O. Busari, K. O. Suleman, L. A. Sunmonu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-26
publication date: 2025-07-26
starting page: 210
ending page: 210
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.2.210

Implicit one-step optimized fourth-derivative hybrid block method for directly solving general third-order IVPs
type: item
description: This paper introduces a single-step optimized fourth-derivative block hybrid method specifically designed to solve general third-order initial value problems directly. By incorporating advanced optimization techniques, the method significantly improves accuracy and computational efficiency. Extensive analysis confirms that the method exhibits zero-stability, consistency, A-stability, and convergence properties. Numerical experiments conducted in this study reveal that the proposed method surpasses existing approaches in accuracy, establishing it as a significant advancement in the numerical solution of higher-order initial value problems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fourth-derivative
  topic: keywords
subject: Optimized hybrid block method
  topic: keywords
subject: Stiff ODEs
  topic: keywords
creator: S. D. Yakubu
creator: P. Sibanda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 S. D. Yakubu, P. Sibanda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 142
ending page: 142
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.2.142

Numerical method for simulation of quadratic Riccati differential equations
type: item
description: Differential equations widely applied in various fields of engineering and mathematical studies, particularly in control theory, optimal control, and stochastic realization. Numerous methods have been proposed for their solution. Although QRDEs pose significant analytical challenges, several approaches such as the Variational Iteration Method, Differential Transform Method, Runge-Kutta methods, and Non-Standard Finite Difference Methods have been developed to address them. In this paper, we present a computational method for solving QRDEs by employing the collocation technique in combination with a power series approximation. Fundamental properties of the method, including order, consistency, zero-stability, and convergence, are analyzed. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed method provides accurate and stable results, showing strong agreement with existing methods when applied to different QRDE models. Furthermore, the findings highlight the efficiency and applicability of the approach in solving nonlinear equations of considerable complexity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Collocation method
  topic: keywords
subject: Computational method
  topic: keywords
subject: Numerical simulations
  topic: keywords
subject: Nonlinear equations
  topic: keywords
creator: Adam Ajimoti Ishaq
creator: Folashade Mistura Jimoh
creator: Kazeem Issa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Adam Ajimoti Ishaq, Folashade Mistura Jimoh, Kazeem Issa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-03
publication date: 2026-04-03
starting page: 159
ending page: 159
doi: 10.61298/rans.2026.4.1.159

Pesticide handling practices and residue levels in yam and cassava across Nasarawa South, Nigeria
type: item
description: The indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture poses serious health and environmental risks, especially in regions with weak regulatory enforcement. This study examines pesticide handling practices among farmers and assesses pesticide residues in yam (Dioscorea spp.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) across Nasarawa South, Nigeria. Data were collected from 430 farmers using structured questionnaires and analysed with descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. Additionally, yam and cassava samples were analyzed for pesticide residues using QuEChERS extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Residue recovery ranged from 70% to 130%, confirming method reliability. Findings indicated poor adherence to safe storage and disposal practices, with household trash disposal being the most common method, posing environmental risks. Regional disparities were noted: Lafia exhibited better compliance in pesticide storage and disposal, while Awe lagged. Residue analysis revealed organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid pesticides in food samples. Although no pesticide residues were detected in yam from Awe and cassava from Lafia, banned pesticides like Benzene Hexa Chloride (BHC) (0.000066 mg/kg) and Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloro Ethane (DDT) (0.00013 mg/kg) were found at varying concentrations in the cassava sample. However, mean residue levels remained below maximum residue limits. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved farmer education, stricter regulations, and sustainable pest management to mitigate health risks associated with pesticide exposure.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pesticide residues
  topic: keywords
subject: Yam
  topic: keywords
subject: Cassava
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Food safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Nasarawa South
  topic: keywords
creator: F. H. Omotehinwa
creator: M. O. Aremu
creator: J. C. Onwuka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 F. H. Omotehinwa, M. O. Aremu, J. C. Onwuka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-18
publication date: 2025-06-18
starting page: 206
ending page: 206
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.1.206

Simulation of optical fiber power amplification via higher-order soliton generation using the extended nonlinear Schrödinger equation
type: item
description: This study seeks to simulate the amplification of the optical fiber power by the generation of higher order solitons. This was achieved by solving an extended form of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) using the split step Fourier method (SSFM) with Gaussian functionals having multiple peaks as initial conditions to simulate the generation of higher order solitons in the optical fiber. Some key fiber parameters such as the coefficients of loss α, group velocity dispersion β and nonlinearity γ were varied and the respective effects on the optical fiber and soliton power were then observed using spatial plots, 3-D contour plots and image color maps. Results obtained showed that in all soliton orders, higher order solitons were created when β was increased from 0.05 to 0.1 fs/nm.km. This shows a broadening of the soliton to create higher order solitons when dispersion is managed within that range which results in a boost in the peak soliton power amplified from 4.5309 W to 14.9508 W and then to 15.0828W as the soliton order was increased from 1st – 2nd – 3rd order respectively using Gaussian functionals. The extra power gained is as a result of the fact that a newly created soliton takes its energy from the radiation present in the dispersed soliton even though the optical power attenuates. It was also observed that, increasing the coefficients α, β and γ from 0.1 – 1.0 results in a continuous attenuation of the optical fiber power leading to the propagation of radiation (noisy signal) in the optical fiber which scatters and exponentially decays after a short distance along the length of the optical fiber.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Optical fiber
  topic: keywords
subject: Soliton
  topic: keywords
subject: Nonlinear Schrödinger equation
  topic: keywords
subject: Group velocity dispersion
  topic: keywords
subject: Nonlinearity
  topic: keywords
creator: E. V. Tikyaa
creator: E. S. Nyiyongo
creator: M. B. Ochang
creator: S. D. Igba
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 E. V. Tikyaa, E. S. Nyiyongo , M. B. Ochang, S. D. Igba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-28
publication date: 2025-05-28
starting page: 152
ending page: 152
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.1.152

Impacts of high-dose gamma irradiation on the mechanical, structural and thermal properties of doum fiber reinforced High-Density Polyethylene (HDPe)
type: item
description: High-density polyethylene (HDPe) has widespread application in pharmaceutical packaging and medical devices since it is biocompatible and stable. Research on the impact of high-dose gamma irradiation on structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of Doum fiber-reinforced HDPe composites at 0 wt.%, 20wt.% and 40 wt.% is required due to the composite nature of the material. The research involves synthesis and analysis of gamma irradiation impacts properties of biomass-reinforced HDPe. The samples were irradiated at 0-150 Gy, and then subjected to mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The findings illustrated that gamma irradiation at 100Gy greatly improved tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength because of enhanced fiber-matrix interaction and crosslinking effects. Tensile strength was improved from 16.93 MPa (0 Gy) to 26.80 MPa, hardness was improved from 53.83 Kgf/mm2 to 70.43 Kgf/mm2, and impact strength was optimum at 1.0187 J/mm. Mechanical properties at 150 Gy were compromised because of degradation of the polymer via chain scission. TGA analysis indicated improved thermal stability at 100Gy, as manifested by the increased onset decomposition temperature, while at 150 Gy, degradation and oxidative effects led to decreased stability. FTIR analysis indicated structural change, in accordance with higher crosslinking at 100Gy and degradation at 150Gy. The results confirm that the modest irradiation (100 Gy) is accountable for optimum mechanical and thermal properties and higher irradiations (150 Gy) cause degradation. It also optimizes the performance of Doum fiber-reinforced HDPe composites to a maximum at 40 wt.% fiber content, and to meet high-performance structural applications in medical, pharmaceutical, and aerospace applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: High-density polyethylene (HDPe)
  topic: keywords
subject: Polymer composites reinforced
  topic: keywords
subject: High-dose gamma irradiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Irradiation-induce modification
  topic: keywords
creator: Mngusuur Scholastica Iorshase
creator: Aliyu Abubakar Sadiq
creator: Lubem James Utume
creator: Emmanuel Ochoyo Adamu
creator: Muhammad Sani
creator: Wasiu Salami Oyeyemi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mngusuur Scholastica Iorshase, Abubakar Sadiq Aliyu, Lubem James Utume, Emmanuel Ochoyo Adamu, Muhammad Sani, Wasiu Salami Oyeyemi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-24
publication date: 2025-05-24
starting page: 200
ending page: 200
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.1.200

One-pot synthesis and antimicrobial efficacy of polymeric schiff base metal complexes derived from o-phenylenediamine and terephthalaldehyde
type: item
description: The antimicrobial efficacies of Schiff base Polymeric Ligand (SBPL) and Polymeric Schiff base Metal Complexes (PSBMCs) have been explored. Schiff base Polymeric Ligand (SBPL) and Polymeric Schiff base Metal Complexes (PSBMCs) derived from polycondensation of terephthalaldehyde, o-phenylenediamine and metal ions (M–L, Al3+ , Cu2+ , Zn2+ , Fe3+ ) were synthesized in ethanol at room temperature through one-pot synthesis. The PSBL and PSBMCs synthesized were characterized using spectroscopic techniques: FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) and Uv-vis (Ultraviolet visible). The spectroscopic data revealed that the azomethine functional group is involved in the complexation of metal ions with PSBL forming PSBMCs and geometry of PSBMCs is suggestive to be octahedral. The antibacterial and antifungi efficacies of SBPL and PSBMCs were examined on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus employing the agar well diffusion method, Penicillin and omeprazole served as standard drug for antibacterial and antifungal activity respectively. The PBSMCs displayed promising activities in comparison with starting compound (SBPL). The Cu-L was found to be most potent antimicrobial agent against all tested bacterial and fungal.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Schiff base polymeric ligand
  topic: keywords
subject: Polycondensation
  topic: keywords
subject: Polymeric schiff base metal complexes
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial efficacy
  topic: keywords
creator: Wahab Osunniran
creator: Rukayat Abdulmalik
creator: Habib Suleiman Adana
creator: Yusuf Ayipo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Wahab Adesina Osunniran, Rukayat Abdulmalik, Sulaiman Habib Adana, Yusuf Oloruntoyin Ayipo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-17
publication date: 2025-05-17
starting page: 199
ending page: 199
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.1.199

The impact of early detection and intervention on congenital heart defects in infants and children: a systematic review
type: item
description: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality among congenital disabilities, affecting approximately 1% of live births. This review analyzes the critical role of early detection and intervention strategies in optimizing care for pediatric patients with CHD, utilizing a comprehensive literature search across scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed,Web of Science, Springer Link, and Science Direct for articles published between 2014 and 2024. A total of 10 studies were included, representing diverse populations and healthcare systems, which provided a global perspective on CHD prevalence and diagnosis in infants and children. These studies, comprising case-control studies from Mount Sinai Medical Center, cohort studies from regions such as Denmark, Paris, Saudi Arabia, and Australia, and cross-sectional studies from China and France/Belgium, highlight the clinical challenges associated with CHD and the long-term developmental and psycho-social implications for affected children. The findings underscore the necessity of continued efforts in maternal health, early screening, and holistic care approaches to improve outcomes for children with CHD worldwide. Ultimately, the review emphasizes that early detection is crucial for enhancing survival rates and quality of life and advocates for integrating medical and psycho-social support to address the multifaceted needs of these children.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Congenital heart defects
  topic: keywords
subject: Early detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Infants
  topic: keywords
subject: Children
  topic: keywords
creator: R. T. Akah
creator: J. E. Enoh
creator: B. Nkeh-Chungag
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 R. T. Akah, J. E. Enoh, B. Nkeh-Chungag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-13
publication date: 2025-04-13
starting page: 139
ending page: 139
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.1.139

Zero-inflated and hurdle models with an application to the number of involved axillary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer in Zimbabwe: A bootstrap resampling validation approach
type: item
description: Breast cancer, increasingly prevalent in Zimbabwe, underscores the need to understand the involved axillary nodal status in diagnosed patients for assessment of disease severity and its potential progression. This study was undertaken to investigate factors influencing the number of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients by identifying the best fitting count regression model, validated through bootstrap resampling. A retrospective analysis using hospital-based data for patients diagnosed with breast cancer at one of the two major referral hospitals in Zimbabwe was applied. We evaluated and compared count regression models – Poisson with Negative Binomial (NB), Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB), Zero-Inflated Poisson (ZIP), Hurdle Negative Binomial (HNB) and Hurdle Poisson (HP) which are efficient in handling over-dispersed count data to investigate the various risk factors associated with involved axillary lymph nodes. Covariates included age, tumor size, tumor grade, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status and HER2 status. Model diagnostics were assessed using Aikake Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion. The ZINB and HNB models outperformed other models, with the HNB model demonstrating consistency across bootstrap-resampled datasets. Bootstrap resampling validated the reliability of model estimates, addressing biases caused by small sample sizes. Age was significantly associated with the zero-inflation component of the HNB model. This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate count regression models for analyzing medical data and demonstrates the utility of integrating bootstrap resampling to ensure robust statistical inference. The findings provide actionable insights for therapy planning and resource allocation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Breast cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Axillary lymph nodes
  topic: keywords
subject: Count regression models
  topic: keywords
subject: Boot- strapping resampling
  topic: keywords
creator: Bester Saruchera
creator: Oliver Bodhlyera
creator: Henry Mwambi
creator: Ntokozo Ndlovu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Bester Saruchera, Oliver Bodhlyera, Henry Mwambi, Ntokozo Ndlovu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-02-27
publication date: 2025-02-27
starting page: 137
ending page: 137
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.1.137

A novel one-step optimized hybrid block method for solving general second-order ordinary differential equations
type: item
description: This study introduces a novel one-step hybrid block method for solving both stiff and non-stiff second-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The method incorporates optimization techniques and higher derivative functions, addressing the computational challenges of stiff ODEs while ensuring key numerical properties such as zero-stability, A-stability, and convergence. Numerical experiments demonstrate the method’s effectiveness across various problems, including classical examples from heat conduction, electrical circuits, and the Van der Pol oscillator. The results reveal that the proposed method achieves superior accuracy and efficiency, significantly outperforming existing methods in the literature. These findings underscore the potential of this approach as a robust and versatile tool for solving a wide variety of practical ODEs in engineering and applied sciences.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Collocation
  topic: keywords
subject: Interpolation
  topic: keywords
subject: Fourth-derivative, Optimized hybrid block method, Stiff ODEs
  topic: keywords
subject: Stiff ODEs
  topic: keywords
creator: Saidu Daudu Yakubu
creator: Precious Sibanda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 S. D. Yakubu, P. Sibanda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-06
publication date: 2025-04-06
starting page: 135
ending page: 135
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.1.135

Litho-structural study and depth estimation of Shaki area of Southwestern, Nigeria using high resolution aeromagnetic data
type: item
description: Little studies have been carried out in the investigation of some geological faults associated with seismic activities in Nigeria; probably due to the fact that Nigeria is believed to be sitting on a seismically safe African plate. However, the nation has experienced series of tremors in the last few decades. Hence, there is a need to investigate the lithological structural trends in some parts of Southwestern Nigeria to determine the tectonic stability of the study area. This research therefore investigates the litho-structural trends and the overburden thickness around Shaki area, Southwestern, Nigeria. High resolution aeromagnetic data (HRAD) of Shaki (sheet 199) was obtained from the Nigeria Geological Survey Agency; it was processed, enhanced, and interpreted using Geosoft Oasis Montaj 6.4.2 data processing and analysis software package. The depth to basement analysis were done using Euler Deconvolution (ED), Radially Average Power Spectrum (RAPS) and Source Parameter Imaging (SPI) to evaluate the depth to basement of the investigated area. Results of the estimated depth to basement obtained from ED, RAPS and SPI revealed 136-6155 m, 0.2-0.65 m, 96-3229 m. Thus, based on the results obtained from the investigated area, the basement of the area is relatively shallow compared to sedimentary basement area. In conclusion, the faults in the area are responsible for the earth tremor experienced around Shaki in August 2021. Thus, the area could be further probed using seismic refraction method.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Earthquake
  topic: keywords
subject: Fault
  topic: keywords
subject: High resolution aeromagnetic data
  topic: keywords
subject: Euler deconvolution
  topic: keywords
subject: Shaki
  topic: keywords
creator: Omonike Adedokun
creator: Olagoke Oladejo
creator: K. O Suleiman
creator: Kehinde Alao
creator: E. O. Adeniyi
creator: H. Otobrise
creator: Oluwaseun Adedokun
creator: Lukman Sunmonu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 O. M Adedokun, O. P. Oladejo, K. O. Suleiman, K. N. Alao, E. O Adeniyi, H. Otobrise, O. Adedokun, L. A. Sunmonu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-05
publication date: 2025-04-05
starting page: 131
ending page: 131
doi: 10.61298/rans.2025.3.1.131

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: A trifecta of antioxidant, antifungal, and catalytic excellence
type: item
description: In this study, green synthesis methods were employed to fabricate zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using Newbouldia laevis leaves plant extract. Several analytical methods, including Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and UV-Vis spectrophotometer, were used to characterise the green synthesised ZnONPs. The synthesis of ZnONPs with distinct properties was successfully demonstrated by the structural and morphological investigations. The existence of functional groups involved in the stabilisation and reduction of the nanoparticles was established by FTIR. The shape of the nanoparticles was revealed by TEM. It produced non-spherical particles with a well-defined size distribution, a crystalline structure with a hexagonal shape morphology, and an average nanoparticle size of 34.8 nm. The ZnONPs that were green-synthesised demonstrated unique antioxidant characteristics. The findings showed that the ZnONPs’ capacity to scavenge radicals increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Excellent antifungal activities against Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergilus fumigatus, and Candida albicans were also demonstrated by the synthesised ZnONPs. This suggests that at 100, 200, and 400 mg/mL, the environmentally friendly ZnONPs show inhibitory zones that range from 9 to 18 mm. The use green synthesized ZnO NPs have shown excellent antifungal, antioxidant and photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol under sunlight. Green synthesis, zinc oxide nanoparticles, 4-ntrophenol, Trichophyton rubrum.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: 4-nitrophenol
  topic: keywords
subject: Antioxidant
  topic: keywords
subject: Antifungal
  topic: keywords
subject: Zinc oxide
  topic: keywords
creator: Abraham Y. Danas
creator: Ayomide H. Labulo
creator: Abdullahi Usman
creator: Ibrahim Hassan
creator: Augustine D. Terna
creator: Festus O. Ogungbemiro
creator: David A. Oyinade
creator: Ambo A. Idzi
creator: Mojisola Owoseni
creator: Maryam Isah
creator: Rukayat A. Ashonibare
creator: Kehinde A. Ojedola
creator: Hafsat O. Dahiru
creator: Zikhona Tywabi-Ngeva
creator: Muhammad A. Said
creator: Caroline A. Muaka
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Abraham Y. Danas, Ayomide H. Labulo, Abdullahi Usman, Ibrahim Hassan, Augustine D. Terna, Festus O. Ogungbemiro, David A. Oyinade, Ambo A. Idzi, Mojisola Owoseni, Maryam Isah, Rukayat A. Ashonibare, Kehinde A. Ojedola, Hafsat O. Dahiru, Zikhona Tywabi-Ngeva, Muhammad A. Said, Caroline A. Muaka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 127
ending page: 127
doi: 10.61298/rans.2024.2.2.127

Examination of the potential for geothermal energy in parts of the Benue trough, Nigeria, through the use of high-resolution aeromagnetic data
type: item
description: Aeromagnetic data from nine sheets covering parts of Benue Trough Nigeria were analyzed to identify potential geothermal locations. The aeromagnetic data sheets were analyzed with Oasis Montaj 8.4, Matlab 7.5, Arcmap 10.7.1, and Surfer 13 combined. The centroid depth method was used to spectrally evaluate the depth of high-resolution aeromagnetic data. The findings showed that the research area's geothermal heat flow values range from 88.52259 mW/m2 to 166.2844 mW/m2, while the Curie Point Depth values range from 8.55 km to 16.38 km with a mean depth of 12.2068 km. The Geothermal Gradient values vary from 35.40904 ℃/km to 66.51376 ℃/km with a mean value of 48.85639 ℃/km. The region's mean thermal transfer is 122.1410 mW/m2. It appears that the Curie Point Depth is highest for the lowest thermal transfer values and lowest for the highest thermal transfer values. The study area's heat flow measurements indicate that the crust is oceanic. The comprehensive geothermal data this study provides may aid the study area's exploitation of geothermal energy. Given the extremely high heat flow recorded, there is a likelihood that the studied area has geothermal energy sources. As a result, it was observed that practically the entire study region had substantial heat flow (>80 mW/m2), suggesting the possibility of a geothermal energy source.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: High-Resolution data
  topic: keywords
subject: Curie Point Depth
  topic: keywords
subject: Geothermal gradient
  topic: keywords
subject: thermal transfer
  topic: keywords
subject: Geothermal potentials
  topic: keywords
creator: Joseph Aza Ahile
creator: Osita Chukwudi Meludua
creator: Adetola Sunday Oniku
creator: Sebastian Abraham Sunu
creator: Lucky Peter Kenda
creator: Simon Kwarki
creator: Joseph Orojah Osumeje
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Joseph Aza Ahile, Osita Chukwudi Meludua, Adetola Sunday Oniku, Sebastian Abraham Sunu, Lucky Peter Kenda, Simon Kwarki, Joseph Orojah Osumeje https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-28
publication date: 2024-11-28
starting page: 124
ending page: 124
doi: 10.61298/rans.2024.2.2.124

Reduced graphene oxide as the electron transport layer in perovskite solar cell: effect on the photovoltaic performance
type: item
description: Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have experienced an unprecedented advancement in the last decade owing to their astonishingly attractive properties, especially high-power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this study, the influence of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells prepared via solution processes-based spin coating method was investigated. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FTIR), UV-visible spectrophotometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to study the properties of the prepared films. ITO/MAPbBr3/Gr and ITO/rGO/MAPbBr3/Gr planar PSCs were fabricated via spin coating method. ITO/rGO/MAPbBr3/Gr film achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.1 short circuit current (Jsc) of 7.5 mAcm−2 and fill factor (FF) of 61.2% compared to a PCE of 3.6%, Jsc of 6.6 mAcm−2 and FF of 58.0% achieved compared to PCE of 3.6%, %, Jsc of 6.6 mAcm−2 and FF of 58.0% achieved by ITO/MAPbBr3/Gr film. The PSC demonstrated the percentage enhancement value of 16.80% when modified with rGO. This study shows that rGO generated functional groups that act as conducting bridge in reducing the contact resistance between interface of the device.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Reduced graphene oxide
  topic: keywords
subject: Electron transport layer
  topic: keywords
subject: Organic-inorganic halide perovskite
  topic: keywords
subject: Perovskite solar cell
  topic: keywords
subject: Photovoltaic parameters
  topic: keywords
creator: O. A. Oyekanmi
creator: S. Amole
creator: O. Akinrinola
creator: O. Adedokun
creator: A. K. Dauda
creator: F. A. Ojeniyi
creator: A. O. Awodugba
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Olumuyiwa Aderemi Oyekanmi, S. Amole, O. Akinrinola, O. Adedokun, A. K. Dauda, F. A. Ojeniyi, A. O. Awodugba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-20
publication date: 2024-09-20
starting page: 116
ending page: 116
doi: 10.61298/rans.2024.2.2.116

Wastewater treatment, greenhouse gas emissions, and our environment
type: item
description: The reclamation and reuse of wastewater is a vital process that helps to address water pollution and scarcity problems. Nevertheless, wastewater treatment is also a significant source of greenhouse gases (methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide). Methane, the most significant greenhouse gas is majorly emitted during anaerobic process, carbon dioxide from aerobic processes while nitrous oxide is associated with nitrification and denitrification processes. The increase in the level of these greenhouse gases is the main cause of global warming and climate change and has resulted in change in weather patterns, severe weather events, habitat loss and loss of wildlife. The adjusting of operating conditions, conversion of methane to fuel for energy production, carbon dioxide capturing are some highlighted methods to minimize the release of these heat-trapping gases from wastewater treatment plants. Also, methods of monitoring these GHG as well as the direct and indirect effects of climate change on the management of wastewater are also discussed in this review.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wastewater treatment
  topic: keywords
subject: Greenhouse gases
  topic: keywords
subject: Mitigation
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon dioxide
  topic: keywords
subject: Methane
  topic: keywords
subject: Nitrous oxide
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: GHG monitoring
  topic: keywords
creator: Ifeoma Anne Anazonwu
creator: Mochamad Zakki Fahmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ifeoma Anne Anazonwu, Mochamad Zakki Fahmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-10
publication date: 2024-10-10
starting page: 121
ending page: 121
doi: 10.61298/rans.2024.2.2.121

Fermented Moringa oleifera seed-cassava inclusion improves protein and selected biochemical indices in alloxan-induced diabetes in animal model
type: item
description: Despite the availability of many pharmacological interventions for diabetes management, current evidence shows an alarming rising trend in the occurrence of undesirable complications, confirming that other complementary approaches are required. This study evaluated the nutraceutical properties of fermented Moringa oleifera seed-Cassava (FMOC) inclusion on selected biochemical parameters in rats induced with diabetes. Portions of cassava was substituted with moringa seed at 100:0 (control), 80:20 (not fermented:T1), 80:20 (fermented;T2) and 70:30% (fermented:T3). Fermentation was achieved using a starter culture containing Lactic acid bacteria for 36 h. Thirty-six (36) male albino rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=6/group). Groups B-F were rendered diabetic using alloxan (150 mg/kg. bw; IP) while group A served as the normal control. The effects of FMOC on proximate and selected biochemical indices of diabetic rats were evaluated. Results showed that protein increased significantly (p<0.05) (2.43}0.1 to 20.44} 02 g/100g) in the fermented sample as against non fermented control. All test diets (especially T2) counteracted the diabetic effects in rats by lowering (P<0.05) the elevated serum levels of glucose (249.0 to 105.6 mg/dl), Cholesterol (6.73 to 4.13mmol/L), TAG (2.43 to 1.99mmo/L), LDL (3.72 to 2.66mmol/L), Urea (35.3 to 23.2mmol/L) and malondialdehyde (2.34 to 1.29mg/dl) compared with diabetic group. It also improved (P<0.05) glutathione (2.69-3.76mg/dl) and catalase enzyme activity (1.52-2.90 U/mg). No significant effect was recorded for HDL (P>0.05). Histological outcomes of pancreas corroborated these findings. A food–based approach incorporating fermented M. oleifera seed could be considered an effective strategy to manage the complications that might arise from diabetes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Caputo fractional derivative
  topic: keywords
subject: Crank–Nicolson finite difference formulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Time fractional convection-diffusion-reaction equation
  topic: keywords
subject: Extended cubic B-spline basis functions
  topic: keywords
subject: Stability and convergence
  topic: keywords
creator: P. N. Anyiam
creator: C. P. Nwuke
creator: E. N. Uhuo
creator: O. Ajah
creator: C. P. Uche
creator: E. M. Kalu
creator: P. C. Kelechi
creator: B. M. Eddie-Nkwoh
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 P. N. Anyiam, C. P. Nwuke, E. N. Uhuo, O. Ajah, C. P. Uche, E. M. Kalu, P. C. Kelechi, B. M. Eddie-Nkwoh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-20
publication date: 2024-10-20
starting page: 106
ending page: 106
doi: 10.61298/rans.2024.2.2.106